Literacy+Dictionary


 * Affixes-** Morphemes that cannot stand alone to form meaningful words. MP
 * Alphabetic Principle -** the insight that spoken sound can be represented by written letters. MP


 * Coarticulation**- overlapping of phonemes that allows our rapid speech. MP


 * Constructivism**- use of the term in its psychological sense, constructivism serves to emphasize a point already made and to introduce an additional point. Comprehending a text is very much an active constructive process.(BT)
 * Contextual** **Analysis**- using surrounding knowledge language as clues to the meaning or pronunciation of an unknown word. MP
 * Dialect** - A form of spoken language particular to a region, community, or social group. Dialects vary in phonology, syntax, and word choice. Example: English-speaking New Englanders and Texans may utter different sounds, sentence structures, and words in specific situations, and these are considered dialect differences. (Cramer) //JSU//


 * Emergent literacy**-prior knowledge about a topic is the easiest way to comprehend a text. Recognition that the written language they are just beginning to learn about is in many ways similar to the oral language with which they are already quite proficient, that words are closely grouped sets of letters with white spaces at either end of them. A child's early unconventional attempts at reading, writing & listening. (BT)


 * Fluency**-is the a ability to read a text orally with speed, accuracy, expression and comprehension. (BT)


 * Independent reading**-A socially interactive time when children select among books and other literacy-related materials (BT)


 * Invented Writing**- represents an important level of understanding for a child who is learning to read; lifeless-looking squiggles can convey real messages MP


 * Phonemic Awareness**-the insight that spoken words are composed of somewhat separable sounds. and being able to hear and identify these sounds. includes the ability to segment & blend individual sounds. It is strictly an oral activity w/o association to symbols.(BT)


 * Phonetic Analysis** - process of associating speech sounds with the letters that represent then and the blending of these sounds to pronounce words not known at sight. Cramer 331 (deprived from **//phonetics//**)

Phonetics- a specialized branch of linguistics dealing with the scientific investi


 * Phonics**-A strategy that involves learning the alphabetic principles of language & knowledge of letter-sound relationships. Children learn to associate letters with the phonemes or basic speech sounds of English, to help them break the alphabetic code & become independent readers in the pronunciation of words. (BT)


 * Pragmatics** - The study of the language choices people make in social settings and the influence such choices have on others; in semiotics, the study of the relationship between signs and their objects. (Cramer) //JSU//

?AS.- Scaffolding comprehension-ensure that students comprehend and learn from every text they read.
 * Prefix-** placed before a root to form a word with a meaning differenet from that of the root; prefixes cannot stand alone--must be attached to a root. MP


 * Reader Response**-students need to respond to what they read in a variety of different ways. Only by doing a lot of reading in different types of materials will students really master the skill of reading. (BT)


 * Reader-Response Theory**-(has much in common with constructivism) puts a good deal of emphasis on the reader. Stresses that meaning one gains from text is the result of transaction between the reader and the text what readers will have a range of responses to literary works. It applies to certain types of text and certain purposes for reading. (BT)


 * Semantics**- The meaning system of a language; the study of the meaning of language, including the meaning of words, phrases, sentences, and whole text. (Cramer) //JSU//


 * Seven Functions of Language** - instrumental, regulatory, interactional, personal, heuristic, imaginative, informative. (Cramer) //JSU//

Cramer p 328- large set of words students can pronounce accurately, fluently, and automatically. MP
 * Sight Words**- words are recalled from memory and know instantly at sight. MP


 * Structural Analysis**- idetifying meaningful chunks or units within a word to aid in determining pronunciation or meaning MP


 * Syntax-** The study of how sentences are formed and the rules that govern word order within the sentences. (Cramer) //JSU//


 * Social-cultural Theory**-learning is viewed as a social matter rather than an individual matter.Learning is viewed as an active and constructive task and what is learned is viewed as subjective.The social & cultural backgrounds have a huge and undeniable affect effect on the learning.(BT)


 * USSR**- uninterrupted sustained silent reading (cp)


 * Vocabulary**-to achieve a vocabulary it requires rich & varied language experiences, teaching individual words, teaching word learning strategies, & fostering word consciousness. (BT)


 * Word recognition**-need to automatically recognize the word & know the meaning, It needs to be automatic so that we can perform instantly and with very little attention. (BT)


 * Word Wall**-A type of bulletin board or classroom display that features challenging and/or high-frequency words organized alphabetically. (BT)


 * grapheme-** A letter or group of letters that represent a phoneme or a sound (JW)


 * Comprehension-** constructing meaning by using information from text (JW)


 * Antonym-**A word that means the opposite of another word (JW)


 * DRTA-Direct Reading Thinking Acftivity**


 * Modeling-** With writer's workshop, teachers need to model to the childen how to write by reading books aloud, talk about authors, suggesting strategies, and by establishing an atmosphere for writing. (AB)


 * Ownership-** When children are able to choose their own writing topics and pursue their own ideas, they are given ownership over their work. (AB)


 * Prewriting-** A mental process children will go through as they plan to write, this involves brainstorming, making plans, collecting, and organizing information. (AB)


 * Drafting-** A rough draft or outline that a child can create as they write and where they are free of constraints such as making spelling, punctuation, or grammer mistakes. (AB)


 * Revising-** Making changes to a written works that a child has created, includes revising, editing, and proofreading. (AB)


 * Postwriting-** When students share their writing with the teacher and fellow peers and to publish a final writte piece. (AB)


 * Formative Assessment-** Aimed at improving instruction and learning. Best carried out in the classroom by teachers and children. (LS)


 * Summative Assessment-** Designed to assess the state or quality of an enterprise or institution, or to report on its progress to an outside audience. Its purpose is not inproved instruction, but may result in it. (Ex:report cards and standardized test results) (LS)


 * Research Assessment-** Its purpose is to inform and reform instruction in valid and reliable ways and to determine the conditions under which literacy instruction works best. It can lead to new and improved ways of delivering instruction. (LS)


 * Established Reliability**- Consistency in measurements (LMD)


 * Validity-** Truthful or factual condition (LMD)


 * Holistic Assessment-** Rapid and Impressionistic, Assessment that can provide an assessment of writing as a whole rather than in detail. (LMD)


 * Analytic Assessment-** Deliberate and Detailed, Assessment that can focus on specific writing procedures, analyzed in terms of their absence or presence, strength or needs, high or low quality. (LMD)


 * IRI** - Informal Reading Inventory Assessments, similar to individually administered tests, assessing student ability according to four levels of reading achievement: independent, instructional, frustration, and listening capacity. //JSU//